Benefiting from the nonlinearity and the longer excitation wavelength of multiphoton excitation and the spatial inhomogeneity of the evanescent field, a two-photon TIRF excitation can largely decrease the out-of-focus fluorescence excited by scattered light. Furthermore, two-photon fluorescence excitation represents the quadratic intensity dependence. Even though the two-photon fluorescence excitation utilizes a longer wavelength, …

Introduction
Dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) have received significant attention in the past decade and energy conversion efficiencies up to 10-12 % have been reported for the DSSCs. However, such efficiency can only be obtained using a liquid electrolyte. The presence of a liquid electrolyte in a DSSC raises several practical problems including the solvent evaporation and leakage of the liquid electrolyte. …

Creeping crustal faults often generate a large number of microearthquakes, and less commonly, they may also produce large earthquakes that rupture the brittle crust. The Chihshang fault in eastern Taiwan is characterized by such behavior and has been known to undergo 2-3 cm/yr surface creep, making it one of the most active creeping thrust faults known in the world. It gives an excellent opportunity to study how a creeping fault can generate large earthquakes. …

Lipopolysaccharide (LPS), which is present in the outer layer of the cell wall in gram-negative bacteria, induces innate immune responses via toll-like receptor (TLR)-4 and is recognized by monocytes/macrophages. LPS is associated with many neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's disease, multiple sclerosis, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (1-3). In the central nervous system (CNS), …