At the beginning of the twentieth century, the chemical foundations for life were a mystery. Today we know how many of the most important processes function, all the way down to the atomic level.  The 2009 Nobel Prize in Chemistry is awarded for the detailed mapping of the ribosome – the cell’s own protein factory. The ribosome translates the passive DNA information into form and function. …

John C. Bogle, born in Montclair, New Jersey, on May 8, 1929, is the founder of The Vanguard Group, Inc., creator of the first index mutual fund—the Vanguard 500 Index Fund—and President of Vanguard's Bogle Financial Markets Research Center. Created in 1974 and headquartered in Malvern, Pennsylvania, the Vanguard has now evolved into the Vanguard Group, one of the two largest mutual fund organizations in the world. …